Ketika Peneliti Mencemari Risetnya: Isu Refleksivitas Internal pada Etnografi
Abstract
Etnografi menderita suatu krisis representasi internal. Krisis itu bermakna bahwa setiap pengetahuan yang diproduksi oleh etnografi merupakan sekedar pandangan relatif milik individu peneliti yang berada di balik catatan lapang dan analisa. Walhasil, tidak ada suatu ‘kebenaran objektif’ mengingat produk etnografi terikat oleh jarak pandang, konteks dan konstruksi-kognitif sang peneliti. Kritik tersebut mendiskreditkan etnografi sebagai suatu metode ilmiah yang gagal mencapai tujuan asasinya. Inilah yang menyebabkan banyak ilmuwan sosial menghindari atau bahkan menolak penggunaan etnografi ke dalam proses investigasi keilmuan mereka. Studi ini merespon kritik tersebut dengan menganalisa reflektivitas dalam penelitian etnografi. Dua jenis reflektivitas, yakni reflektivitas teori dan reflektivitas relasi peneliti-partisipan menjadi focus utama. Pada yang pertama ia membentuk pertanyaan penelitian hingga kesimpulan melalui asumsi-asumsi rasional. Adapun yang kedua memberi dampak pada penelitian melalui perbedaan subjektivitas yang dihasilkan peneliti atas kedekatan atau jarak diri dengan partisipan dan konteks penelitian. Reflektivitas menjadi penting agar peneliti etnografi dapat secara seksama mempertimbangkan aspek-aspek itu dan kemudian melakukan tindakan sadar-aktif dalam mengompensasi potensi bias atau pembatasan dalam proses penelitiannya.
Ethnography suffers from an internal crisis of representation. This crisis means that any knowledge produced by ethnography is merely a relative view of the individual researcher behind the field notes and analysis. As a result, there is no 'objective truth' considering that ethnographic products are bound by the perspective, context and cognitive construction of the researcher. This criticism discredits ethnography as a scientific method that fails to achieve its basic goals. This is what causes many social scientists to avoid or even reject the use of ethnography in their scientific investigative processes. This study responds to this criticism by analyzing reflectivity in ethnographic research. Two types of reflectivity, namely theoretical reflectivity and researcher-participant relationship reflectivity, are the main focus. In the first, he forms research questions to conclusions through rational assumptions. The second has an impact on research through differences in subjectivity produced by researchers based on closeness or distance from participants and the research context. Reflectivity is important so that ethnographic researchers can carefully consider these aspects and then take conscious-active action to compensate for potential biases or limitations in the research process.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.24114/antro.v10i2.68889
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